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                <text>Kingdom: Animalia&lt;br /&gt; 
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                  <text>(KBR) Karroo Igneous Complex -- Birds River, South Africa</text>
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                  <text>The Birds River Complex is a "Bell-Jar" intrusion first described by du Toit in 1905 and then by Ealey and Robey in 1976. One of the best exposed sections across the margin of the complex is on the farm Denwood, in the southwestern corner of the complex. The samples were  collected from a mafic intrusion near Denwood farm. These samples from the Karroo Complex were collected  from the previously studied section of the complex and neighboring areas.</text>
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                  <text>Dr. Brian Lock,  Rhodes University</text>
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                  <text>Western Minerals, Inc.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start Here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Cox, K.G., 1972, The Karroo Volcanic Cycle: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 128, p. 311-336.&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;Â doi: 10.1144/gsjgs. 128.4.0311.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The petrogenesis of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of south-Eastern Africa is related to the tectonic event believed to be the initiation of the break up of Gondwanaland. The cycle began with the rise of potassium-rich picritic magma, the source material for rocks of the northern province, Rhodesia. On top of and peripheral to the main magma body, a zone of sodic magma was generated and formed some of the rocks of the north and most southern rocks.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;White, R.S., 1992, Magmatism During and After Continental Break-Up, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 68, p. 1-16. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.0.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Magmatism that goes along with continental break-up is caused primarily by decompression melting of the underlying mantle as it rises up beneath the rift. The amount of melt produced is determined by the asthenospheric mantle temperature and on the rate of rifting.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Eales, H.V., and van Robey, J.A., 1976, Differentiation of Tholeiitic Karroo Magma at Birds River, South Africa, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10. v. 56, p. 101-117. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1007/BF00375423&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Strongly fractionated residue from the partial crystallization of tholeiitic gabbroic magma was emplaced at depth within sediment of the upper part of the Karroo succession. The residue was most likely tapped from a deeper intrusion during cauldron subsidence, but was engulfed by a later intrusion of olivine gabbro on a large scale.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Walker, F., and Poldervaart, A., 1949, Karroo Dolerites of the Union of South Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 591-706. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60&lt;span&gt;[591:KDOTUO]2.0.CO;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Karroo dolerites are the result of the intrusive phase of the early Jurassic basalts that built up the Basutoland lava plateau. Most of the dolerites show little differentiation but olivine rich types and acidic veins have been recorded. The magma had an effect on the sedimentary rocks; many of the rocks described as granophyre were found to be transformed siltstone. The dolerites occur as sills and dikes but "bell-jar inclusions" occur (the Bird's River complex is a bell jar shaped inclusion).Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Eales, H.V., and Booth P.W.K., 1974, The Birds River Gabbro Complex, Dordrecht District, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 77, p. 1-15.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;On the gabbros of the Birds River Complex.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>Intersertal Ferrothoeleiite</text>
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                <text>The intersertal ferrotholeiite samples are highly fractionated and were most likely emplaced before the gabbro of the formation. They have textures associated with rapidly frozen or highly viscous melts. KBR-8 through KBR-11 are also intersertal ferrotholeiites. Intersertal is a texture marked by the occurrence of interstitial glass between laths of feldspar, usually in basalts.  Between the location this sample was collected and KBR-6 was collected, there is a thin gabbro pegmatite which was not collected. It has an aphanitic porphyritic texture and is holocrystalline. It has a consistent dark gray color with fine veins of quartz &lt; 1mm wide. There are medium grained subhedral plagioclase phenocrysts ( 2mm - 5 mm).  There is a calcic residue on heavily oxidized weathered surface. A subophitic micro-texture is also present. Spherulitic pyroxenes are clearly visible in cross polarized light. &#13;
Thin sections are shown in plain and cross polarized light at 40x magnification.&#13;
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                <text>http://www.geosciencecollections.milne-library.org/collections/show/17</text>
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                  <text>(KBR) Karroo Igneous Complex -- Birds River, South Africa</text>
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                  <text>The Birds River Complex is a "Bell-Jar" intrusion first described by du Toit in 1905 and then by Ealey and Robey in 1976. One of the best exposed sections across the margin of the complex is on the farm Denwood, in the southwestern corner of the complex. The samples were  collected from a mafic intrusion near Denwood farm. These samples from the Karroo Complex were collected  from the previously studied section of the complex and neighboring areas.</text>
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                  <text>Dr. Brian Lock,  Rhodes University</text>
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                  <text>Western Minerals, Inc.</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="18613">
                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start Here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Cox, K.G., 1972, The Karroo Volcanic Cycle: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 128, p. 311-336.&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;Â doi: 10.1144/gsjgs. 128.4.0311.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The petrogenesis of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of south-Eastern Africa is related to the tectonic event believed to be the initiation of the break up of Gondwanaland. The cycle began with the rise of potassium-rich picritic magma, the source material for rocks of the northern province, Rhodesia. On top of and peripheral to the main magma body, a zone of sodic magma was generated and formed some of the rocks of the north and most southern rocks.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;White, R.S., 1992, Magmatism During and After Continental Break-Up, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 68, p. 1-16. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.0.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Magmatism that goes along with continental break-up is caused primarily by decompression melting of the underlying mantle as it rises up beneath the rift. The amount of melt produced is determined by the asthenospheric mantle temperature and on the rate of rifting.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Eales, H.V., and van Robey, J.A., 1976, Differentiation of Tholeiitic Karroo Magma at Birds River, South Africa, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10. v. 56, p. 101-117. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1007/BF00375423&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Strongly fractionated residue from the partial crystallization of tholeiitic gabbroic magma was emplaced at depth within sediment of the upper part of the Karroo succession. The residue was most likely tapped from a deeper intrusion during cauldron subsidence, but was engulfed by a later intrusion of olivine gabbro on a large scale.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Walker, F., and Poldervaart, A., 1949, Karroo Dolerites of the Union of South Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 591-706. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60&lt;span&gt;[591:KDOTUO]2.0.CO;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Karroo dolerites are the result of the intrusive phase of the early Jurassic basalts that built up the Basutoland lava plateau. Most of the dolerites show little differentiation but olivine rich types and acidic veins have been recorded. The magma had an effect on the sedimentary rocks; many of the rocks described as granophyre were found to be transformed siltstone. The dolerites occur as sills and dikes but "bell-jar inclusions" occur (the Bird's River complex is a bell jar shaped inclusion).Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Eales, H.V., and Booth P.W.K., 1974, The Birds River Gabbro Complex, Dordrecht District, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 77, p. 1-15.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;On the gabbros of the Birds River Complex.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>Intersertal Ferrothoeleiite</text>
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                <text>The intersertal ferrotholeiite samples are highly fractionated and were most likely emplaced before the gabbro of the formation. They have textures associated with rapidly frozen or highly viscous melts. KBR-7 and KBR-9 through KBR-11 are also intersertal ferrotholeiites. Intersertal is a texture marked by the occurrence of interstitial glass between laths of feldspar, usually in basalts. It has an aphanitic- porphyritic texture and holocrystalline.  It has a consistent dark gray color with fine veins of quartz &lt;1 mm wide. There are medium grained subhedral plagioclase phenocrysts (2 mm - 5 mm).  There is a calcic residue on a heavily oxidized weathered surface. Radiating pyroxene crystals are clearly visible in plain polarized light. &#13;
 Thin sections are shown in plain and cross polarized light at 40x magnification.&#13;
The rock is comprised of 55% plagioclase, 15% pyroxene, 12% biotite, 10% opaques, and 8% olivine.</text>
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                <text>Western Minerals, Inc.</text>
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            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
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                <text>http://www.geosciencecollections.milne-library.org/collections/show/17</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>KBR-8</text>
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            <name>Spatial Coverage</name>
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                <text>Karoo- Birds River, Eastern Cape, South Africa</text>
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            <description>Temporal characteristics of the resource.</description>
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                <text>183-179 Ma (Jurassic)</text>
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                <text>Purchased from Western Minerals, Inc.</text>
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                  <text>(KBR) Karroo Igneous Complex -- Birds River, South Africa</text>
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                  <text>The Birds River Complex is a "Bell-Jar" intrusion first described by du Toit in 1905 and then by Ealey and Robey in 1976. One of the best exposed sections across the margin of the complex is on the farm Denwood, in the southwestern corner of the complex. The samples were  collected from a mafic intrusion near Denwood farm. These samples from the Karroo Complex were collected  from the previously studied section of the complex and neighboring areas.</text>
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                  <text>Dr. Brian Lock,  Rhodes University</text>
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                  <text>Western Minerals, Inc.</text>
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              <description>A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="18613">
                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start Here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Cox, K.G., 1972, The Karroo Volcanic Cycle: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 128, p. 311-336.&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;Â doi: 10.1144/gsjgs. 128.4.0311.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The petrogenesis of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of south-Eastern Africa is related to the tectonic event believed to be the initiation of the break up of Gondwanaland. The cycle began with the rise of potassium-rich picritic magma, the source material for rocks of the northern province, Rhodesia. On top of and peripheral to the main magma body, a zone of sodic magma was generated and formed some of the rocks of the north and most southern rocks.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;White, R.S., 1992, Magmatism During and After Continental Break-Up, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 68, p. 1-16. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.0.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Magmatism that goes along with continental break-up is caused primarily by decompression melting of the underlying mantle as it rises up beneath the rift. The amount of melt produced is determined by the asthenospheric mantle temperature and on the rate of rifting.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Eales, H.V., and van Robey, J.A., 1976, Differentiation of Tholeiitic Karroo Magma at Birds River, South Africa, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10. v. 56, p. 101-117. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1007/BF00375423&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Strongly fractionated residue from the partial crystallization of tholeiitic gabbroic magma was emplaced at depth within sediment of the upper part of the Karroo succession. The residue was most likely tapped from a deeper intrusion during cauldron subsidence, but was engulfed by a later intrusion of olivine gabbro on a large scale.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Walker, F., and Poldervaart, A., 1949, Karroo Dolerites of the Union of South Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 591-706. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60&lt;span&gt;[591:KDOTUO]2.0.CO;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Karroo dolerites are the result of the intrusive phase of the early Jurassic basalts that built up the Basutoland lava plateau. Most of the dolerites show little differentiation but olivine rich types and acidic veins have been recorded. The magma had an effect on the sedimentary rocks; many of the rocks described as granophyre were found to be transformed siltstone. The dolerites occur as sills and dikes but "bell-jar inclusions" occur (the Bird's River complex is a bell jar shaped inclusion).Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Eales, H.V., and Booth P.W.K., 1974, The Birds River Gabbro Complex, Dordrecht District, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 77, p. 1-15.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;On the gabbros of the Birds River Complex.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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          <name>Unit</name>
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              <text>Lesotho Formation</text>
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          <description>Number of thin sections associated with this sample</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Intersertal Ferrothoeleiite</text>
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                <text>Ferrotholeiite</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The intersertal ferrotholeiite samples are highly fractionated and were most likely emplaced before the gabbro of the formation. They have textures associated with rapidly frozen or highly viscous melts. KBR-7, KBR 8, KBR 10, and KBR 11 are also intersertal ferrotholeiites Intersertal is a texture marked by the occurrence of interstitial glass between laths of feldspar, usually in basalts. It has an aphanitic- porphyritic texture and is holocrystalline. It has a consistent dark gray color and fine veins of quartz &lt;1mm wide. There are medium grained subhedral plagioclase phenocrysts (2 mm- 5 mm). There is a calcic residue on a heavily oxidized weathered surface. There is also a subophitic micro-texture. Radiating pyroxenes are clearly visible in plain polarized light. &#13;
 Thin sections are shown in plain and cross polarized light at 40x magnification.&#13;
The rock is made up of 55% plagioclase, 30% pyroxenes (mainly augite), and 15% opaques.</text>
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                <text>http://www.geosciencecollections.milne-library.org/collections/show/17</text>
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                  <text>The Birds River Complex is a "Bell-Jar" intrusion first described by du Toit in 1905 and then by Ealey and Robey in 1976. One of the best exposed sections across the margin of the complex is on the farm Denwood, in the southwestern corner of the complex. The samples were  collected from a mafic intrusion near Denwood farm. These samples from the Karroo Complex were collected  from the previously studied section of the complex and neighboring areas.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start Here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Cox, K.G., 1972, The Karroo Volcanic Cycle: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 128, p. 311-336.&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;Â doi: 10.1144/gsjgs. 128.4.0311.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The petrogenesis of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of south-Eastern Africa is related to the tectonic event believed to be the initiation of the break up of Gondwanaland. The cycle began with the rise of potassium-rich picritic magma, the source material for rocks of the northern province, Rhodesia. On top of and peripheral to the main magma body, a zone of sodic magma was generated and formed some of the rocks of the north and most southern rocks.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;White, R.S., 1992, Magmatism During and After Continental Break-Up, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 68, p. 1-16. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.0.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Magmatism that goes along with continental break-up is caused primarily by decompression melting of the underlying mantle as it rises up beneath the rift. The amount of melt produced is determined by the asthenospheric mantle temperature and on the rate of rifting.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Eales, H.V., and van Robey, J.A., 1976, Differentiation of Tholeiitic Karroo Magma at Birds River, South Africa, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10. v. 56, p. 101-117. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1007/BF00375423&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Strongly fractionated residue from the partial crystallization of tholeiitic gabbroic magma was emplaced at depth within sediment of the upper part of the Karroo succession. The residue was most likely tapped from a deeper intrusion during cauldron subsidence, but was engulfed by a later intrusion of olivine gabbro on a large scale.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Walker, F., and Poldervaart, A., 1949, Karroo Dolerites of the Union of South Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 591-706. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60&lt;span&gt;[591:KDOTUO]2.0.CO;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Karroo dolerites are the result of the intrusive phase of the early Jurassic basalts that built up the Basutoland lava plateau. Most of the dolerites show little differentiation but olivine rich types and acidic veins have been recorded. The magma had an effect on the sedimentary rocks; many of the rocks described as granophyre were found to be transformed siltstone. The dolerites occur as sills and dikes but "bell-jar inclusions" occur (the Bird's River complex is a bell jar shaped inclusion).Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Eales, H.V., and Booth P.W.K., 1974, The Birds River Gabbro Complex, Dordrecht District, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 77, p. 1-15.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;On the gabbros of the Birds River Complex.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start Here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Cox, K.G., 1972, The Karroo Volcanic Cycle: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 128, p. 311-336.&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;Â doi: 10.1144/gsjgs. 128.4.0311.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The petrogenesis of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of south-Eastern Africa is related to the tectonic event believed to be the initiation of the break up of Gondwanaland. The cycle began with the rise of potassium-rich picritic magma, the source material for rocks of the northern province, Rhodesia. On top of and peripheral to the main magma body, a zone of sodic magma was generated and formed some of the rocks of the north and most southern rocks.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;White, R.S., 1992, Magmatism During and After Continental Break-Up, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 68, p. 1-16. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.0.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Magmatism that goes along with continental break-up is caused primarily by decompression melting of the underlying mantle as it rises up beneath the rift. The amount of melt produced is determined by the asthenospheric mantle temperature and on the rate of rifting.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Eales, H.V., and van Robey, J.A., 1976, Differentiation of Tholeiitic Karroo Magma at Birds River, South Africa, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 10. v. 56, p. 101-117. doi:Â &lt;span&gt;10.1007/BF00375423&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Strongly fractionated residue from the partial crystallization of tholeiitic gabbroic magma was emplaced at depth within sediment of the upper part of the Karroo succession. The residue was most likely tapped from a deeper intrusion during cauldron subsidence, but was engulfed by a later intrusion of olivine gabbro on a large scale.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Walker, F., and Poldervaart, A., 1949, Karroo Dolerites of the Union of South Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 591-706. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60&lt;span&gt;[591:KDOTUO]2.0.CO;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The Karroo dolerites are the result of the intrusive phase of the early Jurassic basalts that built up the Basutoland lava plateau. Most of the dolerites show little differentiation but olivine rich types and acidic veins have been recorded. The magma had an effect on the sedimentary rocks; many of the rocks described as granophyre were found to be transformed siltstone. The dolerites occur as sills and dikes but "bell-jar inclusions" occur (the Bird's River complex is a bell jar shaped inclusion).Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Eales, H.V., and Booth P.W.K., 1974, The Birds River Gabbro Complex, Dordrecht District, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 77, p. 1-15.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;On the gabbros of the Birds River Complex.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>The intersertal ferrotholeiite samples are highly fractionated and were most likely emplaced before the gabbro of the formation. They have textures associated with rapidly frozen or highly viscous melts. KBR-7 through KBR-10 are also intersertal ferrotholeiites. Intersertal is a texture marked by the occurrence of interstitial glass between laths of feldspar, usually in basalts.  It has an aphanitic porphyritic texture and is holocrystalline. It has a consistent dark gray color and contains fine veins of quartz &lt;1mm wide. There are medium grained subhedral plagioclase phenocrysts (2 mm- 5 mm).  There is a calcic residue on a heavily oxidized weathered surface. There is a subophitic micro-texture. Radiating pyroxenes are clearly visible in plain polarized light. &#13;
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                  <text>Samples were collected from various locations on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu. </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="17997">
                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article is a part of the general investigation of the island of Hawaii by the United States Geologic Survey. The paper describes the dominant volcanoes of the island of Hawaii (from which most of the suite's samples were collected) and describes the petrographic phenomena observed and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>Hand Sample: Dark gray, vesicular, glassy sample. Sample surface has a ropey texture with vesicles ranging from 0.01cm to 2.5cm in diameter. Sample has an iridescent luster on unweathered surfaces.</text>
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